評論
打印
II. Military Hegemony – Wanton Use of Force
二、窮兵黷武的軍事霸權
The history of the United States is characterized by violence and expansion. Since it gained independence in 1776, the United States has constantly sought expansion by force: it slaughtered Indians, invaded Canada, waged a war against Mexico, instigated the American-Spanish War, and annexed Hawaii. After World War II, the wars either provoked or launched by the United States included the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the Libyan War and the Syrian War, abusing its military hegemony to pave the way for expansionist objectives. In recent years, the U.S. average annual military budget has exceeded 700 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 40 percent of the world's total, more than the 15 countries behind it combined. The United States has about 800 overseas military bases, with 173,000 troops deployed in 159 countries.
美國的歷史，充斥著暴力和擴張。1776年獨立以來美國動用武力不斷擴張，屠殺印第安人，入侵加拿大，發動美墨戰爭，策動美西戰爭，吞并夏威夷。第二次世界大戰后，挑起或發動朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭、利比亞戰爭、敘利亞戰爭，用軍事霸權為擴張開路。近年年均軍事預算7000多億美元，占世界軍費總支出的40%，超過第2名到第16名國家的總和。美國目前在海外有約800個軍事基地，在159個國家駐扎了17.3萬人的軍隊。
According to the book America Invades: How We've Invaded or been Militarily Involved with almost Every Country on Earth, the United States has fought or been militarily involved with almost all the 190-odd countries recognized by the United Nations with only three exceptions. The three countries were "spared" because the United States did not find them on the map.
《美國侵略：我們是如何入侵或軍事干預地球上幾乎每一個國家的》一書指出，在聯合國承認的190多個國家中，只有3個國家沒與美國打過仗或受其軍事干預。這3個國家能夠“幸免于難”，是因為美國沒有在地圖上發現它們。
As former U.S. President Jimmy Carter put it, the United States is undoubtedly the most warlike nation in the history of the world. According to a Tufts University report, "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A new Dataset on U.S. Military Interventions, 1776-2019," the United States undertook nearly 400 military interventions globally between those years, 34 percent of which were in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23 percent in East Asia and the Pacific, 14 percent in the Middle East and North Africa, and 13 percent in Europe. Currently, its military intervention in the Middle East and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise.
正如美國前總統卡特所言，美國無疑是世界上最好戰的國家。塔夫茨大學研究報告《軍事干預項目：1776年至2019年美國軍事干預的新數據集》顯示，1776年至2019年，美國在全球進行了近400次軍事干預，34%針對拉丁美洲和加勒比地區，23%針對東亞和太平洋地區，14%針對中東和北非地區，13%針對歐洲地區。當前，美國對中東和北非以及撒哈拉以南非洲地區的軍事干預呈現上升趨勢。
Alex Lo, a South China Morning Post columnist, pointed out that the United States has rarely distinguished between diplomacy and war since its founding. It overthrew democratically elected governments in many developing countries in the 20th century and immediately replaced them with pro-American puppet regimes. Today, in Ukraine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen, the United States is repeating its old tactics of waging proxy, low-intensity, and drone wars.
《南華早報》專欄作家亞歷克斯·洛指出，美國從建國到現在很少區分外交和戰爭，上個世紀推翻了很多發展中國家的民選政府，馬上替之以親美的傀儡政權。今天，從烏克蘭、伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亞、敘利亞到巴基斯坦、也門，美國一如既往本性難移，開展代理人、低強度和無人機戰爭。
U.S. military hegemony has caused humanitarian tragedies. Since 2001, the wars and military operations launched by the United States in the name of fighting terrorism have claimed over 900,000 lives with some 335,000 of them civilians, injured millions and displaced tens of millions. The 2003 Iraq War resulted in some 200,000 to 250,000 civilian deaths, including over 16,000 directly killed by the U.S. military, and left more than a million homeless.
美國軍事霸權釀成人道慘劇。2001年以來，美國以反恐之名發動的戰爭和軍事行動已造成超過90萬人死亡，其中約有33.5萬是平民，數百萬人受傷，數千萬人流離失所。2003年伊拉克戰爭導致約20萬至25萬平民死亡，被美軍直接致死的超過16000人，造成100多萬人無家可歸。
The United States has created 37 million refugees around the world. Since 2012, the number of Syrian refugees alone has increased tenfold. Between 2016 and 2019, 33,584 civilian deaths were documented in the Syrian fightings, including 3,833 killed by U.S.-led coalition bombings, half of them women and children. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) reported on 9 November 2018 that the air strikes launched by U.S. forces on Raqqa alone killed 1,600 Syrian civilians.
美國在全球制造了3700萬難民。2012年以來，僅敘利亞難民數量就增加10倍。2016年至2019年，敘利亞有記載死于戰亂的平民達33584人，其中美國領導的聯軍轟炸致死3833人，半數是婦女和兒童。美國公共電視網2018年11月9日報道，僅美軍對拉卡市發動的空襲就導致1600名平民死亡。
The two-decades-long war in Afghanistan devastated the country. A total of 47,000 Afghan civilians and 66,000 to 69,000 Afghan soldiers and police officers unrelated to the September 11 attacks were killed in U.S. military operations, and more than 10 million people were displaced. The war in Afghanistan destroyed the foundation of economic development there and plunged the Afghan people into destitution. After the "Kabul debacle" in 2021, the United States announced that it would freeze some 9.5 billion dollars in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, a move considered as "pure looting."
長達20年的阿富汗戰爭讓阿富汗滿目瘡痍。共4.7萬名阿富汗平民以及6.6萬至6.9萬名與“9·11”事件無關的阿富汗軍人和警察在美軍行動中喪生，1000多萬人流離失所。阿富汗戰爭毀壞了當地經濟發展基礎，讓阿富汗人民一貧如洗。2021年“喀布爾大潰敗”后，美國宣布凍結阿富汗央行約95億美元資產，被認為是“赤裸裸的掠奪”。
In September 2022, Turkish Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu commented at a rally that the United States has waged a proxy war in Syria, turned Afghanistan into an opium field and heroin factory, thrown Pakistan into turmoil, and left Libya in incessant civil unrest. The United States does whatever it takes to rob and enslave the people of any country with underground resources.
2022年9月，土耳其內政部長索伊盧在出席集會時表示，美在敘利亞開展代理人戰爭，把阿富汗變成鴉片種植田和海洛因加工廠，讓巴基斯坦陷入動蕩、利比亞內亂不斷。無論哪個國家有地下資源，美國都會竭盡所能去掠奪和奴役那里的人們。
The United States has also adopted appalling methods in war. During the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War, the United States used massive quantities of chemical and biological weapons as well as cluster bombs, fuel-air bombs, graphite bombs and depleted uranium bombs, causing enormous damage on civilian facilities, countless civilian casualties and lasting environmental pollution.
美軍還曾采用駭人聽聞手段參與戰爭，在朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、海灣戰爭、科索沃戰爭、阿富汗戰爭、伊拉克戰爭中，大量使用生化武器和集束炸彈、油氣炸彈、石墨炸彈、貧鈾炸彈，造成大量民用設施損毀、無數無辜平民傷亡、持久生態環境污染。
